Jagjit Singh

A network of fake Social Media<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> profiles of people claiming to be Sikhs, and promoting divisive narratives, has been exposed.

A new report shared exclusively with The Bbc<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> ahead of its publication on Wednesday identified 80 accounts in The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> , which have now been suspended because they were fake.

The Influence<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> operation used accounts across Twitter, Facebook and Instagram<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> to promote Hindu nationalism and pro-Indian government narratives.

The aim of The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> appears to have been to " alter perceptions on important issues around Sikh independence, Human Rights<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> and values" according to The Report<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> 's author, Benjamin Strick.

There is no evidence linking this network directly with The Indian<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> government, which has yet to respond to a BBC request for comment.

The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> used so-called " sock puppet" accounts, which are fake ones controlled by Real People<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> posing as independent individuals, rather than automated " bots".

The Fake<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> profiles used Sikh names and claimed to be " Real Sikhs". They used the hashtags #RealSikh to endorse, and #FakeSikh to discredit, different political viewpoints.

The Report<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> , from non-profit organisation the Centre for Information Resilience (CIR), found many of the accounts in The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> used the same fake profiles across several platforms. These accounts shared the same names, profile pictures and cover photos, and published identical posts.

Many of the accounts used profile pictures of celebrities, including actresses in the Punjabi film industry.

Using a celebrity profile picture does not in itself prove an account is fake. However, The Report<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> says that combined with the co-ordinated messaging, frequently used hashtags, similar biography descriptions and follower patterns, the pictures added to The Evidence<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> that each of these accounts was not genuine.

The Bbc<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> attempted to contact eight of the celebrities whose images had been used, requesting comment. One replied via their management to confirm they were not aware their image had been used in this way, and said they would take action.

The management of another celebrity said there are thousands of such fake accounts associated with their client, and there wasn't much they could do about it.

On Friday, India<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> 's Prime Minister<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> Narendra Modi<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> of three controversial farm laws after a year of farmers protesting against them.

The farmers' protests, which started a year ago This Week<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> , and the decades-old Khalistan Independence Movement<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> were the two discussion topics most frequently targeted by The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> . According to The Report<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> , the accounts sought to label any notion of Sikh independence as extremist, and delegitimise the farmers' protests, claiming they had been hijacked by " Khalistani terrorists".

But before that, The Indian<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> government had also claimed that the farmers' protest had been " infiltrated by the Khalistanis".

The farmers who continue to protest believe this may have been a deliberate political move.

" We believe these accounts were Set Up<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> at the behest of the government and it was done to set a narrative against the protests" said Jagjit Singh<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> Dalewal, leader of the Bharatiya Kisan Union, one of about 30 unions sitting in protest.

Some accounts painted diaspora communities in the UK and Canada as harbouring the Khalistani movement.

The accounts had thousands of followers, and posts from The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> have been liked and retweeted by real influencers and quoted on news sites.

Many influence operations fail to get Real People<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> to interact with The Fake<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> accounts they create. In the case of this network though, the research identified posts which were interacted with and endorsed by the verified accounts of public figures.

The Report<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> also identified content from The Fake<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> profiles embedded on news blogs and commentary sites.

Experts on influence operations describe this as " amplification" and the more The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> receives, the more impact it can have.

The Bbc<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> contacted some of the verified accounts which had interacted with posts in The Network<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> .

Rouble Nagi, who on Twitter describes herself as a humanitarian and Social Worker<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> , had responded to one of The Fake<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> accounts' tweets with two clapping hands emojis. She Said<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> she is " sad that it was a fake account".

Col Rohit Dev, who calls himself a geopolitical military analyst, had responded to one of these accounts' posts with thumbs-up emojis, but told us he did not know the person behind the handle.

Nikhil Pahwa, a digital rights activist and editor of technology policy website MediaNama, says that these influence networks target individuals with a particular point of view.

" These 80-odd accounts will not necessarily make something trend, but with consistent posting, they try to discredit a point of view, " He Said<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> .

" This seems to be a sophisticated approach, and seems to be a part of a larger operation. "

Very little of the content included text in Punjabi - the biggest language for Sikhs in India<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> - and nearly all the content was in English.

Mr Pahwa points out that there was political activity around The Farmer<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> 's protests from all sides, with people trying to support and discredit them.

" It's all a part of The Game<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> to win the political narrative war. "

The Bbc<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> shared The Report<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> with Twitter and Meta - The Company<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> which owns Facebook and Instagram<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> - requesting comment.

Twitter suspended the accounts for violating their rules prohibiting " platform manipulation" and fake accounts.

A Twitter spokesperson said: " At This Time<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> , there's no evidence of widespread co-ordination, the use of multiple accounts by single people, or other platform manipulation tactics. "

Meta also removed the accounts on Facebook and Instagram<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> for violating its " inauthentic behaviour" policies.

A Meta spokesperson said the accounts " misled people about The Origin<Meta itemprop='name' content='JJ Lin'> and popularity of their content and used fake accounts to spam people and evade our enforcement".

Source of news: bbc.com