Political Parties
| Use attributes for filter ! | |
| Originally published | 1911 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Robert Michels |
| LC Class | JF2049. M6 |
| Page count | 401 |
| OCLC | 02067594 |
| Translators | Eden Paul |
| Cedar Paul | |
| Date of Reg. | |
| Date of Upd. | |
| ID | 2042474 |
About Political Parties
Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy is a book by the sociologist Robert Michels, published in 1911 and first introducing the concept of iron law of oligarchy. It is considered one of the classics of social sciences, in particular sociology and political science.
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By Hugh SchofieldBBC News, Paris
Something unprecedented is happening this weekend In Paris , brought about by The War between Israel and Hamas and its spill-over in Europe.
For The First Time ever, a major demonstration attended by representatives of The Major Political Parties will include The far right - But not The far left.
On Sunday afternoon thousands of people are expected to heed a call from The Speakers of The two houses of parliament to show their support for French " Republican" values and their rejection of Antisemitism - this in The Face of a steep rise in antisemitic actions since 7 October.
Among The First to announce their presence were Marine Le Pen, three-times presidential candidate for The National Rally (formerly The National Front ), and The Party 's young president, Jordan Bardella .
Almost simultaneously came a rejoinder from their counterpart on The far left, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, irascible leader of France Unbowed (LFI). His party would not be attending, he tweeted, because The March was a " rendezvous for unconditional supporters of The Massacre [of Gazans]".
It is hard to overestimate The symbolic significance of this switch-over.
For decades French Politics erected a bulwark against The far right, whose Views - not least on Jews - were deemed " anti-Republican". The old National Front under Marine's father Jean-Marie Le Pen was seen as beyond The Pale , and it was shunned.
The far left Meanwhile - The Communists, The Trotskyists and The new formations like Mr Mélenchon's LFI - were certainly attacked for their Views , But they were never excluded. They were part of The Broad political family, in a way that The Le Pen franchise clearly wasn't.
A few years ago, for a far-left party not to have been part of a march against Antisemitism would have been unthinkable. For a far-right party to have been there instead would have been unconscionable.
Such is The shake-up in The political order, which of course long predates The Gaza War and is mirrored in varying ways across other European countries.
Today's far right, rebranded " hard right" or " national right" has - in France at least - Forgotten its obsession with Jews and its claims of a " Jewish lobby". Its primary focus now is The three I's - Immigration , insecurity and Islamism - Issues on which it finds Common Cause with many Jews.
Meanwhile The far left in France, analysing Gaza through The anti-colonial lens, sees an oppressed people hammered by a superpower proxy and shouts " Solidarity! " Having lost The support of The old working class, many of whom vote National Rally , it has a new natural base among politicised immigrants.
Thus we arrive at The Novel situation where a party whose founder once called The Holocaust a " detail of history" openly embraces The Cause of French Jews; and at The Other end of The Spectrum , a party built on ideas of Human Rights and equality stands accused of Antisemitism for failing to call Hamas " terrorist".
Maybe this should all be nuanced. After All , many people still think that at heart The far right, by virtue of its French-first ethos, cannot help But be anti-Jewish. They note that Jordan Bardella This Week refused to explicitly call Jean-Marie Le Pen antisemitic - a faux-pas to which enemies of The National Rally (RN) have reacted with glee.
And on The far left there are signs of division around Jean-Luc Mélenchon, whose prickly personality and autocratic methods are driving some colleagues to exasperation. This Week one senior lieutenant, Raquel Garrido , was given a four-month suspension As Party spokeswoman for challenging The leader's line - not least on Hamas.
But The fundamental point remains: The RN under Marine Le Pen is manoeuvring itself very successfully into The mainstream, while Mr Mélenchon's LFI is manoeuvring itself out.
Opinion polls bear it out: according to IFOP last week, Marine Le Pen would trounce The opposition in The First round of a presidential election today, with up to 33% of The vote. Mr Mélenchon, at 22% in The 2022 election, is down to 14%.
This Week one of The historic figures in The Fight against Antisemitism in France gave his Views on these ironies of history and politics.
Serge Klarsfeld and his wife Beate helped bring Nazi war criminals to justice, and documented The deportations and deaths of 80,000 Jews from France exterminated in The Holocaust .
Speaking to Le Figaro newspaper, Mr Klarsfeld, now 88, said: " For me The DNA of The far right is Antisemitism . So when I see a big party of The far right abandon Antisemitism and negationism and move towards our Republican values, naturally I rejoice. "
" The far left for its part has always had its own antisemitic tradition. So just as I Am relieved to see The RN… take a stand for Jews, so I Am sad to see The far left abandon its actions to combat Antisemitism . "
Related TopicsSource of news: bbc.com
